"Beginning in the seventeenth century, the universe was increasingly thought of as a natural system separate from God. God was thus removed from nature, creating a thorough "disenchantment of nature."8Separated from the universe, God came increasingly to be thought of as only "out there." The dominance of supernatural theism in modern Western Christianity has had serious consequences. When "out there" is emphasized and separated from "right here," God's relation to the world is distorted, and the notion of God becomes harder and harder to accept. "Out there" means something different for us than it meant when our premodern ancestors used this language. For them, "up there" or "out there" was not very far away. They thought of the universe as small with the earth at its center; the sun, moon, planets, and stars were mounted on a dome not very far above the earth. It is difficult to know how literally they took this language, but the basic notion of a small universe was shared by all. In that context, thinking of God as "our Father who art in heaven" did not make God very far away. But for us, "up there" or "out there" is very far away. If God is only "out there," as supernatural theism suggests, then God is very distant, not intimately close. God becomes remote, absent. And the difference between a remote and absent God and "no God" is slender. So common is supernatural theism in our time that many people think its concept of God is the only meaning the word "God" can have. For them, believing in God means believing in a personlike being "out there." Not believing this means not believing in God."