"During the writing of this book, I found myself questioning why the sixteenth-century history of the Irish-English conflict--"the Mother of All the Irish Rebellions"--has been utterly ignored or forgotten. This episode was by far the largest of Elizabeth's wars and the last significant effort of her reign. It was also the most costly in English lives lost, both common and noble. By some estimates, the rebellion resulted in half the population of Ireland dying through battle, famine, and disease, and the countryside--through the burning of forestland--was changed forever. Yet almost no one studies it, writes of it, or discusses it, even as the impact of that revolt continues to make headlines across the world more than four hundred years later. Likewise, few people outside Ireland have ever heard of Grace O'Malley, surely one of the most outrageous and extraordinary personalities of her century--at least as fascinating a character as her contemporary and sparring partner Elizabeth I. Of course history is written by the victors, and England was, by all accounts, the winner of the Irish Rebellion of the sixteenth century. But the mystery only deepens when we learn that the only contemporary knowledge we have of Grace's exploits--other than through Irish tradition and legend--is recorded not in Ireland's histories, but by numerous references and documentation in England's Calendar of State Papers, as well as numerous official dispatches sent by English captains and governors such as Lords Sidney, Maltby, and Bingham. As hard as it is to believe, Grace O'Malley's name never once appears in the most important Irish history of the day, The Annals of the Four Masters. Even in the two best modern books on the Irish Rebellion--Cyril Fall's Elizabeth's Irish Wars and Richard Berleth's The Twilight Lords--there is virtually no mention made of her. Tibbot Burke receives only slightly better treatment. Why is this? Anne Chambers, author of my two "bibles" on the lives of Grace O'Malley (Granuaile: The Life and Times of Grace O'Malley) and Tibbot Burke (Chieftain to Knight)--the only existing biographies of mother and son--suggests that as for the early historians, they might have had so little regard for women in general that Grace's exclusion would be expected. As for the modern historians, it is troubling that in their otherwise highly detailed books, the authors should ignore such a major player in the history of the period. It"