All seizures of power, no matter how 'strong or well-meaning' the seizers, will go the same way. That's what power does. Meanwhile, at exactly the same time as the publication of The William Golding was bringing out his fables, (1954), and (1955), the meaning of which Golding conveniently summarized for commentators in a later essay, 'Fable', in his collection : (Hot Gates, p. 87) So the English choirboys, marooned on an idyllic desert island, invent murder and human sacrifice and create the 'lord of the flies' himself, Beelzebub; in The Inheritors our ancestors, Cro-Magnon men, exterminate the gentle and friendly Neanderthals and create an entirely false legend of ogres and cannibals to justify their actions. A very similar if more complex argument was put forward, one might add, by the other great fantasy of the 1950s, T.H. White's , a work which began like Tolkien's with a children's book, (1937), but took even longer than Tolkien's to reach termination, appearing as a whole (though still unfinished) in 1958. White's points are too many and too self-doubting to summarize readily, but there is at least no doubt that White saw in humanity a basic urge to destruction, expressed in a work written like , , 'while the nations were striving in fearful war'. Orwell, Golding, White (and several other post-war authors of fantasy and fable): the thought that they expressed in their highly different ways was that people could never be trusted, least of all if they expressed a wish for the betterment of humanity. The major disillusionment of the twentieth century has been over political good intentions, which have led only to gulags and killing fields. That is why what Gandalf says has rung true to virtually everyone who reads it - though it is, I repeat, yet one more anachronism in Middle-earth, and the greatest of them, an entirely modern conviction.