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c4e9e4d
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nW lqry' lmthly: hw lqry'u lnqd, ldhy y`tmd lmnqsh@ lmstmr@ llbrhyn lmst`ml@, wltfkyr fy brhyn mnqD@ lh
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النقد
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Nigel Warburton |
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e3067a7
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A human being can choose what to do, what to become. We are all free. No one but you can decide what you make of your life. If you let other people decide how you live, that is, again, a choice. It would be a choice to be the kind of person other people expect you to be. Obviously if you make a choice to do something, you might not always succeed in doing it. And the reasons why you don't succeed may be completely outside your control. But ..
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Nigel Warburton |
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306de19
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Philosophy is not a spectator sport.
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philosophy
spectator
sport
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Nigel Warburton |
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fa2a88f
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lqd rsm l`m@ Swr@ llfylswf Swr@ shkhS `bqry fy t`mlh m` lfkr lmjrd, whw qb` fy mq`dh lwthyr bHjrth dkhl 'ksfwrd 'w kmbrydj, w`jz fy lwqt dhth `n lt`ml m` ljwnb l`mly@ fy lHy@, fhw lshkhS lqdr `l~ t'wyl '`qd m fy flsf@ hyjl, wl`jz fy lan nfsh `n 'n yslq lnfsh byD@
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Nigel Warburton |
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afc170d
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The best way to live, then, was this: have a very simple lifestyle, be kind to those around you, and surround yourself with friends.
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Nigel Warburton |
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821b300
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Even if I believe my opinion to be true, and am highly confident about its truth, unless it is 'fully, frequently and fearlessly' discussed, I will end up holding it as a dead dogma, a formulaic and unthinking response.
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Nigel Warburton |
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80dce66
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Preserving freedom of speech maximizes the chance of truth emerging from its collision with error and half-truth.
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Nigel Warburton |
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f166743
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Human knowledge progresses when people recognize that they may be wrong even on issues that seem certain to them. Wisdom involves openness to those who disagree with us. It is only when our ideas have been subjected to criticism and all objections considered--if necessary seeking these objections out--that we have any right to think of our judgement as better than another's.
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Nigel Warburton |
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e146385
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Central to Mill's approach throughout On Liberty is his 'Harm Principle', the idea that individual adults should be free to do whatever they wish up to the point where they harm another person in the process. Mill's principle is apparently straightforward: the only justification for interference with someone's freedom to live their life as they choose is if they risk harming other people.
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Nigel Warburton |
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d605e7d
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The best way to eliminate all suffering in the world would be to eliminate all sentient life. If there were no living things capable of feeling pain, then there would be no pain.
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Nigel Warburton |
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73cc37b
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Kierkegaard was a Christian, though he hated the Danish Church and couldn't accept the way complacent Christians around him behaved. For him, religion was a heart-wrenching option, not a cosy excuse for a song in church.
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Nigel Warburton |
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05306a7
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Free speech is one of the core values in a democracy and it should be championed with a vengeance.
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Nigel Warburton |
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e223abc
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Mill is particularly concerned that minority opinions should not be silenced just because they are held by very few people. Unfashionable ideas have potential value for the whole of humanity, even if only held by one person: If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.
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Nigel Warburton |
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05b1ae2
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One reason why false and offensive speech is permitted in most liberal democracies is precisely because the best answer to bad speech is good speech, rather than censorship.
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Nigel Warburton |
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bf9aa80
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Mill sets out several related arguments for protecting freedom of speech, not just from oppressive government intervention, but also from social pressures. Underlying them all are the assumptions that (a) truth is valuable, and (b) no matter how certain someone is that they know the truth, their judgement is still fallible: they might still be wrong.
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Nigel Warburton |
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794a6cc
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The problem as he saw it was not how short our lives are, but rather how badly most of us use what time we have.
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Nigel Warburton |
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f4b0128
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Sartre explained what he meant by the anguish of choice through the true story of a student who had come to ask his advice during the war. This young man had to make a very difficult decision. He could either stay at home to look after his mother; or he could run off and try to join the French Resistance and fight to save his country from the Germans. This was the most difficult decision of his life and he wasn't sure what to do. If he left..
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Nigel Warburton |
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f220bf8
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Free speech does indeed cause hurt--but there is nothing wrong in this. Knowledge advances through the destruction of bad ideas. Mockery
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Nigel Warburton |
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a7e08f4
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Muitas das actividades humanas adquirem o seu significado pelo facto de serem irrepetiveis. Fazemos escolhas, tomamos decisoes que dao forma as pessoas em que nos tornamos. A nossa satisfacao pela experiencia imediata do padrao de luz e sombra numa floresta decorre, em parte, do facto de ser um efeito passageiro que podemos nunca mais voltar a ver. A nossa mortalidade faz-nos dar valor ao presente porque podemos nao ter um futuro. O padrao ..
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Nigel Warburton |
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960127b
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If the view is correct, then humanity misses the opportunity to exchange truth for error. If, however, the view is misguided, then we forfeit an opportunity to reinforce truth through its collision with error. Every opinion has value for us either because it is true, or else because, though false, it reinforces the truth and contributes to its emergence.
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Nigel Warburton |
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f8b17fc
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Anyone who silences someone else because they believe the other person's opinion is false assumes infallibility. They must be absolutely certain that they are correct on the matter.
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Nigel Warburton |
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8e2d8a1
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If you only know your own side of a case, then your belief is likely to be inadequate. You need to be able to refute counter-arguments to your position otherwise you aren't justified in your belief even if it happens to be true.
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Nigel Warburton |
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fcf9253
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If we silence those who utter falsehoods, we run the risk of becoming dogmatic, of believing without understanding, or feeling passionate about the evidence supporting our beliefs. We also run the risk that such false beliefs will be given greater credence by the very fact that they are suppressed rather than openly refuted.
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Nigel Warburton |
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0297689
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Mill argued in The Subjection of Women (1869) that the sexes should be treated equally both in law and in society more generally.
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Nigel Warburton |
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In a civilized society freedom to offend should be protected, but
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Nigel Warburton |
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As soon as you start to doubt your own existence, the act of doubting proves that you exist as a thinking thing. This
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Nigel Warburton |
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62bed13
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minority opinions should not be silenced just because they are held by very few people. Unfashionable ideas have potential value for the whole of humanity, even if only held by one person: If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.
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Nigel Warburton |
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8b900e9
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If Abraham had gone ahead and killed his son he would have done something morally wrong. A father has a basic duty to look after his son, and certainly shouldn't tie him to an altar and cut his throat in a religious ritual. What God asked Abraham to do was to ignore morality and make a leap of faith. In the Bible Abraham is presented as admirable for ignoring this normal sense of right and wrong and being ready to sacrifice Isaac. But could..
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Nigel Warburton |
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e2ab05a
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One way of approaching the question about what makes a human being the same person over time would be to point out that we are living things. You are the same individual animal that you were as a baby. Locke used the word 'man' (meaning by that 'man or woman') to refer to the 'human animal'. He thought it was true to say that over a life each of us remains the same 'man' in that sense. There is a continuity of the living human being that de..
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Nigel Warburton |
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798018b
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The object of this essay is to assert one very simple principle, as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties or the moral coercion of public opinion. That principle is that the sole end for which mankind are warranted individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of t..
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Nigel Warburton |
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012dac2
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Farm animals aren't the only ones that suffer at the hands of human beings. Scientists use animals for their research. It's not just rats and guinea pigs - cats, dogs, monkeys and even chimpanzees can be found in laboratories, many of them suffering pain and distress as they are drugged or given electric shocks. Singer's test to see if any research is morally acceptable is this: would we be prepared to perform the same experiment on a brain..
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Nigel Warburton |
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95dd262
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Machiavelli stresses that it's better as a leader to be feared than to be loved. Ideally you would be both loved and feared, but that's hard to achieve. If you rely on your people loving you, then you risk them abandoning you when times get tough. If they fear you, they will be too scared to betray you. This is part of his cynicism, his low view of human nature. He thought that human beings were unreliable, greedy and dishonest. If you are ..
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Nigel Warburton |
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de65847
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Ikinci olarak Mill, goruslerin duzenli olarak birbirleriyle karsi karsiya gelmedigi durumda, onlarin yalnizca olu dogmalara donusutugunu dusunur. Ifade edilen gorus yanlis olsa dahi, onun ortodoks goruse karsi bir arguman olusturdugu olgusu, bu gorusu savunanlarin inannclarini savunmaya ve aciklamaya itecektir. Bunun sonucunda, yalnizca bize dogru oldugu soylendigi icin degil, daha ziyade onun lehine argumanlari anladigimiz icin inanclara s..
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Nigel Warburton |
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77937df
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Instead of looking to increase our pleasure in life, they think, we should try to become better people and do the right thing. That is what makes a life go well.
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Nigel Warburton |
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a003eda
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Epicurus summed up his whole philosophy in his epitaph: 'I was not; I have been; I am not; I do not mind' If
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Nigel Warburton |
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32d2a53
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Alguem que ica as velas de um barco e assim se deixa levar pelas tempestades nao esteve numa viagem; apenas foi jogado de um lado para o outro. O mesmo acontece com a vida. Estar fora de controle, ser carregado pelos acontecimentos sem ter tempo para as experiencias mais valiosas e significativas, e bem diferente de viver verdadeiramente.
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seneca
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Nigel Warburton |
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3983bda
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The message is that riches, power and honour are worthless since they can come and go. No one should base their happiness on such fragile foundations. Happiness has to come from something that is more solid, something that can't be taken away. As Boethius believed that he would continue to live after death, seeking happiness in trivial worldly things was a mistake.
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Nigel Warburton |
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50407d8
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In this short philosophical novel he completely undermined the kind of optimism about humanity and the universe that Pope and Leibniz had expressed, and he did it in such an entertaining way that the book became an instant bestseller. Wisely Voltaire left his name off the title page, otherwise its publication would have landed him in prison again for making fun of religious beliefs. Candide is the central character. His name suggests innoce..
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Nigel Warburton |
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9bd4675
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But the basis of Freud's ideas aren't accepted by all philosophers, though many accept that he was right about the possibility of unconscious thought. Some have claimed that Freud's theories are unscientific. Most famously, Karl Popper (whose ideas are more fully discussed in Chapter 36) described many of the ideas of psychoanalysis as 'unfalsifiable'. This wasn't a compliment, but a criticism. For Popper, the essence of scientific research..
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Nigel Warburton |
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015bcfe
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The idea that religious beliefs but not others should receive special protection is bizarre: all types of belief should be open to scrutiny, criticism, parody, and potentially ridicule in a free society. Indeed,
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Nigel Warburton |
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e4021f7
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We are all basically selfish, driven by fear of death and the hope of personal gain,
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Nigel Warburton |
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70d531e
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Marx's main interest was in economic relationships since in his view they shape everything that we are and can become.
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Nigel Warburton |
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3b0aba5
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Everything we perceive takes place in time and space, and every change has a cause. But according to Kant, that is not because of the way reality ultimately is: it is a contribution of our minds. We don't have direct access to the way the world is. Nor can we ever take the glasses off and see things as they truly are. We're stuck with this filter and without it we would be completely unable to experience anything. All we can do is recognize..
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Nigel Warburton |
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fb70dc9
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wisdom and understanding in the course of human history will only come fully at a late stage, when we're looking back on what has already happened, like someone looking back on the events of a day as night falls.
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Nigel Warburton |