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Many of them also became members, like Naipaul and Rushdie, of what the philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah calls a 'comprador intelligentsia': 'a relatively small, Western-style, Western-trained group of writers and thinkers who mediate the trade in cultural commodities of world capitalism at the periphery'. Some others began to think, after close observation of European and American politics and history, that Voltaire and Kant, after all, mi..
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Bernard Lewis was most likely unaware of the Turkish leader's fan base among Nazis and Fascists when he hailed Ataturk for taking, with his attempted obliteration of Islam, 'the first decisive steps in the acceptance of Western civilization'. Nevertheless, Lewis as well as Ataturk was working with an ideal of civilization originally posited by salon intellectuals in the eighteenth century, and reworked by various modernizers of the twentiet..
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Responding to Fukuyama's thesis in 1989, Allan Bloom was full of foreboding about the gathering revolts against a world that 'has been made safe for reason as understood by the market', and 'a global common market the only goal of which is to minister to men's bodily needs and whims'.
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