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af60ed4 Always be a first-rate version of yourself, instead of a second-rate version of somebody else." - Judy Garland" Charles River Editors
a7e0680 Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain of the 20th Maine, who so valiantly defended Little Round Top at Gettysburg on July 2, 1863, was in command of the Union troops assembled in formation to observe and accept the stacking of arms. In deference to the officers of Lee's army, Chamberlain lowered his sword in an officer's salute as each ranking member of his former enemy passed by. Leading the parade of surrender were the surviving members of .. Charles River Editors
60451cd The Hittites called their language Nesili (van de Mieroop 2007, 119), while the Egyptians and Mesopotamians referred to them and their language as "Hittite" and their land as "Hatti" (Faulkner 1999, 198). Technically the Hittites spoke Arzawan (Macqueen 2003, 25), but Arzawa was also the name of a kingdom that neighbored Hatti, and those people also spoke the same language as the Hittites. During the era of the Hittite civilization, there w.. Charles River Editors
078f365 In contrast, the Soviet answer to Paperclip, Operation Osoaviakhim, used the implied threat of imprisonment, torture, and death, the characteristic tools of Stalinist Russia, to coerce assistance from German scientists and engineers following the war. These men yielded rich dividends to the Soviet state in terms of achieving at least temporary technical parity with the USSR's western rivals. Charles River Editors
ce78d54 The second oracle (2 Sam. 7:8-16) takes a different tact. Rather than appealing to the past as justification for denying David's request, it looks to the future. In this oracle, YHWH explains to David that he will not build a house for YHWH, rather YHWH will build a house for him. This juxtaposition makes use of a play on words in Hebrew, where the Hebrew word for house (bayit) can convey both a "temple" and a "dynasty." Because David i.. Charles River Editors
3d33812 Hesiod's comments, though certainly a product of a mindset that stretches back millennia, are undoubtedly misogynistic since he says that Philotes and Apate belong to Aphrodite and all women. This point of view is hardly surprising; after all, it was Hesiod who first documented the myth of Pandora, she who unleashed all evil on the world. In fact, prior to the creation of "woman", humans did not know death. So, on the advent of woman's entr.. Charles River Editors
db957c2 The diseased flesh fragments were then pocketed and brought along to their next targets and home villages, causing the spread of diseases twice-fold. The terrible event was immortalized in James Fenimore Cooper's celebrated novel, The Last of the Mohicans. The French and Indian Wars wound down in 1763, following the signing of the Treaties of Hubertusburg and Paris. The French were forced to give up Louisianan and Canadian territories, whic.. Charles River Editors
aecc97e The local pub, The Red Lion, has the double distinction of being the only pub in Britain to be surrounded by a stone circle and be voted one of the top 10 most haunted bars in the world. The pub has quite a bit of history. It started as a farmhouse in the early 17th century before becoming a coaching inn in 1802, acting as a rest stop for the growing network of horse-drawn coaches taking passengers and mail between cities. It continues to s.. Charles River Editors
e88843a In the meantime, the Germans established numerous bridgeheads on the south bank of the Somme, to be used when the southward advance began. Panzers invested Boulogne on May 22nd, and on May 23rd, the British evacuated their troops at midnight. The French garrison surrendered at noon two days later on May 25th, recognizing their utterly hopeless position. The British government ordered an evacuation of Dunkirk on May 26th, but the British Exp.. Charles River Editors
f4587f9 Adams holds the record for the most tie-breaking votes cast by any vice-president in the Senate. Charles River Editors
918ceba The BEF and their French allies in Dunkirk owed their escape to an unlikely source: the bombastic Luftwaffe leader, Hermann Goering. Goering wanted the glory of destroying the trapped Allies for the Luftwaffe and persuaded Hitler to order the panzer divisions to halt. Without this error, the "Miracle of Dunkirk" - also known as "Operation Dynamo" - would likely have failed, and the Germans may have taken vast numbers of English and French .. Charles River Editors
52f3838 London's most famous burial ground, Highgate Cemetery, is renowned for its many famous permanent residents--such as Karl Marx and George Eliot--and for its elaborate nineteenth-century tombstones. Opened in 1839 to deal with a shortage of burial plots in the city, Highgate Cemetery is an atmospheric place that attracts many visitors for its peaceful greenery, its ornate statues of weeping angels, and its busts of prominent historical figure.. Charles River Editors
3d74fb3 During the early Islamic period between the 7th and 11th centuries, Bethlehem came under the dominion of the Muslim caliphates, and in 634, Modestus, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, failed to celebrate Christmas in Bethlehem for the first time in three centuries.[69] During this time, parts of the southern transept of Justinian's church were converted to be used as prayer areas for Muslims.[70] Bethlehem was an important site for Muslims, who c.. Charles River Editors
bcdf999 Bethlehem was occupied by the Crusaders between 1099 and 1187, and a hospital and a hospice for pilgrims were constructed in the town during this time. Charles River Editors
e650e87 Throughout his work, Guderian showed an aptitude for military theory, and in 1937, he put some of it into print in a book named Achtung! Panzer! In Achtung! Panzer!, Guderian assessed the state of armored warfare among the nations of Europe and the Soviet Union, based on his extensive studies. He argued that the era of cavalry was over due to the impact of machine-guns, and that mechanized infantry could be used to fill their role. He also .. Charles River Editors
13ace35 The 4th century church was later replaced by the building that exists in present-day Bethlehem. Between 530 and 533, Emperor Justinian I dedicated a second Church of the Nativity upon the site, and according to the Egyptian Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem was destroyed and rebuilt by Justinian because the Byzantine emperor felt that the old church was too small.[43] This is the oldest Christian chu.. Charles River Editors
142cf3e One rather unexpected presence at the front was Adolf Hitler himself. Hitler personally crossed into Poland on September 4, 1939, with his train under the watchful eye of Rommel himself.[63] Not yet weakened by illness, drugs, and his vegetarian diet, the Fuhrer watched much of the campaign's action firsthand from an aircraft window or an open automobile, including ground combat and Stuka bombardment in his itinerary. Charles River Editors
fdc28d0 While some biographers claim Rommel had retrieved the goggles from an abandoned British vehicle, stating that "even a general was allowed a little booty," a 2015 Daily Mail article claims that a British POW actually gave his goggles to the general. After his capture, Major General Michael Gambier-Parry was invited to supper with Rommel, where he informed the field marshal that his hat had been stolen by a German soldier. Rommel investigat.. Charles River Editors
7603af2 Rachel's tomb is located a short distance north of Bethlehem, on the road between Jerusalem and Hebron. It consists of a small building with a white dome erected during the Crusader period, though the original structure is obscured by modern defensive fortifications that have been erected around the site. Charles River Editors
7c6c7c8 The town is described in this story as the "House of Bread" (in Arabic, the name means "House of Meat").[7] The two women arrived in time for the harvest, and Ruth started working in the barley fields surrounding Bethlehem. There she met a man named Boaz, who first helped her acquire land in the town and later had a child with her.[8] This child, Obed, was the father of Jesse, the father of David who was born in Bethlehem and who would late.. Charles River Editors
0787ff1 Washington remains the only President to be elected unanimously in the Electoral College. Charles River Editors
cfab35d Washington is the only President to be elected unanimously - not once, but twice. Charles River Editors
c442a19 his famous comment, "My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived." Charles River Editors
10fada1 In monarchy the crime of treason may admit of being pardoned or lightly punished, but the man who dares rebel against the laws of a republic ought to suffer death." - Samuel Adams" Charles River Editors
453f7d1 Loki does not seem fazed by this cross-dressing at all, which is all the more surprising considering the reader of Norse myths is often reminded of the animosity between Loki and the god who suggested this "sacrifice of honour," Heimdall. As Hyde points out, cross-dressing and gender-changing is not a fundamental part of the "trickster" motif; it is unique to Loki and few others." -- Charles River Editors
9f87764 As they moved out, one soldier recalled, "As far as could be seen, to both left and right of us, men were advancing with their rifles in the porte position, their bayonets glinting in the pale moonlight. Full moon had been days ago so it was quite dark...As we advanced, the feeling of pride and exhilaration was unmistakable. We didn't realize or think of the danger we were in; we were doing a job and the thought of being killed or wounded w.. Charles River Editors
c7e1ab4 The Treaty of Versailles and the agreements made by the Weimar government meant that Germany's army would be greatly reduced. Allowed to maintain an army of only 100,000, Germany would now need far fewer officers--only 4,000 would have a status in the "troop office." Rommel, without social connections or an aristocratic background, was chosen for his distinction of service, and for having earned the Pour le Merite. Still, Searle says, Ro.. Charles River Editors
a689f2f The Versailles Treaty (and the Weimar government's at least public adherence to it) was, to von Seeckt, an embarrassment and a hurdle to be overcome. In 1921, he created the R Sondergruppe, a secret organization within the Reichswehr whose purpose was to acquire help from the Soviet Union to evade the arms limitations of Versailles. The R-group sought modern weapons technology, including planes, tanks, and poison gas, that the army could .. Charles River Editors
224f2c4 The Gestapo hanged the final group of 28 July 20th "traitors" on April 20th, 1945 as a birthday present to the Fuhrer. Many of the victims made no effort to either kill themselves or escape prior to their arrest, preferring to await the Gestapo with "dignity" and thus express their belief they were neither criminals nor traitors but brave German officers doing their duty and accepting the consequences of failure. Peter Yorck von Wartenburg .. Charles River Editors
9d18eb6 On October 14, 1944, German generals Wilhelm Burgdorf and Ernst Maisel visited Rommel in his home in Herrlingen. Outside, SS troops stood by, having been instructed to kill Rommel if he attempted to escape. Rommel was told that he had been accused of associating with conspirators, and had been implicated in the July 20th assassination plot against Hitler. They gave him the choice to die by his own hand, or face a public trial. Rommel was pr.. Charles River Editors
d1e347c As other officers clung to the need for cavalry in the inter-war years, Guderian would remember what he had seen and argue that the machine-gun would make mounted soldiers a thing of the past. He would later say, "New weapons require new tactics. Never put new wine into old bottles." As a wireless communications officer, he did not see the successes an ambitious young man might have hoped for, if only because like any new system, wireless c.. Charles River Editors
1aaaf7b On the 28th of February 1918, Guderian began to work for the German General Staff, and while he studied to become a staff officer, British inventors were creating a machine that would transform his career. In 1916, during the Battle of the Somme, a new weapon, the armored tank, made its debut. Charles River Editors
fad54f3 was the British (at the instigation of Winston Churchill) who pioneered the "landship", but the French soon followed suit with their own designs. Ironically, Germany, which would subsequently become famous for panzers and blitzkrieg warfare, was late in taking up the idea." Charles River Editors
2386637 Only nine weeks after Hitler brought Rommel home from North Africa, his replacement, Colonel General Juergen von Arnim, was forced to surrender to the Allies. As Rommel had predicted, Africa was, at this point, unwinnable for the Germans. Over 100,000 German soldiers were taken as prisoners of war, and Italy, now open to invasion, would fall in 1943.[118] Historian Samuel Mitcham Jr. claims that Hitler told Rommel he had made a mistake, .. Charles River Editors
c53e59b Instead he attended school, showing less interest in academic pursuits than in outdoor ones, and entered the army upon graduating from the realgymnasium at 19.[4] Here, Rommel would have been expected to learn Latin, as the realgymnasium followed a strict curriculum of "Bible and Church history, with the catechism of the established Church, German (rhetoric, and composition, and literature), Latin, Greek, French, history, geography, mathem.. Charles River Editors
fc02b0f As part of the Wurttemberg army, Rommel would have had greater exposure to Jewish soldiers, as this army followed slightly different standards of conduct, and certainly was less extreme and nationalistic than the Prussian armies of Germany's north.[12] Anti-Semitism in Germany was certainly not something that arrived with Hitler; throughout the late 19th century, writers speculated it was the Jews who were holding back German greatness, an.. Charles River Editors
1507eef An excellent work on the period, The Politics of Cultural Despair by Fritz Stern, gives insight into what young men in the Prussian systems were taught. Paul de Lagarde, one of Germany's most influential thinkers in this period, blamed the Jews for Germany's problems, "wrap[ping] his incredibly ferocious anti-Semitism...in a respectable cloak of nationalist idealism. With both horror and envy, he identified the Jews as a proud invincible na.. Charles River Editors
94132aa Hitler, at the behest of von Rundstedt to reinforce France, sent Rommel to the area to shore up German defenses. Finally, as Hitler anticipated an Allied invasion in 1944, he asked Rommel to inspect the Atlantic Wall, in what Young calls "a fake, a paper hoop for the allies to jump through."[121] No wonder Rommel was "appalled" as he moved from Denmark into France to make a report on Germany's lauded defenses. Young lists the deficiencies.. Charles River Editors
381ff3f In October 1938, after reading Infantry Attacks, Hitler selected Rommel to be his escort during his march into the Sudetenland. In this position, Rommel had charge of over 300 men and received a promotion to colonel after completing his service to the Fuhrer. As colonel, he would take up a new teaching position at the war school south of Vienna.[59] When he was called back to guard duty for Hitler after the full German invasion of Czechos.. Charles River Editors
16120af Even as the Atlantic Wall was strengthened, Operation Fortitude tricked Hitler into keeping 13 divisions in Norway rather than reinforcing the Normandy peninsula. It had also tricked German High Command into believing that 89 Allied divisions were preparing to land, with enough landing craft to bring 20 divisions ashore. In actuality, the figures were 47 and 6 respectively. Overreliance on intelligence crippled German defensive efforts in N.. Charles River Editors
75fdc4f Count Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg played the central role in Operation Valkyrie, also known as the July 20th bomb plot, the 1944 attempt on Hitler's life that (unlike most of the Army's previous efforts) nearly succeeded. The subject of numerous books and at least one high-profile popular film, Operation Valkyrie came even closer than Georg Elser's bombing attempt to killing Hitler. Since at least 1943, Stauffenberg had involved himself i.. Charles River Editors
5da2c42 Be an example to your men in your duty and in private life. Never spare yourself, and let the troops see that you don't in your endurance of fatigue and privation. Always be tactful and well-mannered, and teach your subordinates to be the same. Avoid excessive sharpness or harshness of voice, which usually indicates the man who has shortcomings of his own to hide." - Erwin Rommel" Charles River Editors
f672daa But the murky role he played in the notorious July 20 plot on Adolf Hitler's life in 1944, the closest an assassination attempt got to killing the Nazi Fuhrer, would bring about the Desert Fox's untimely demise in October 1944, even as the Soviets and Western Allies were tightening the vise on Germany. Compelled to take cyanide by authorities, the Desert Fox insisted he was innocent until his dying day, and his popularity forced the Nazi go.. Charles River Editors
a4ba359 This was especially true of the navy sailors under Rommel's charge. Since the Versailles Treaty had forbidden the Germans from maintaining a navy, these sailors were now army men. Butler records a story in which Rommel, derided by his men for wearing his World War I medals, replied by telling them of his prayers for them during his evenings at the front: "My prayers were heard, because here you are." As Rommel would later write in his In.. Charles River Editors
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