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c9c84fd
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In the hands of good leaders, such a system can actually perform better than a democratic system that is subject to rule of law and formal democratic procedures like multiparty elections. It can make large, difficult decisions without being hampered by interest groups, lobbying, litigation, or the need to form cumbersome political coalitions or educate the public as to their own self-interest.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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0522e52
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Shared mental models--most particularly those that take the form of religion--are critical in facilitating large-scale collective action.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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df77326
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The present historical account of the origins of political institutions needs to be seen in proper perspective. No one should expect that a contemporary developing country has to replicate all of the violent steps taken by China or by societies in Europe to build a modern state, or that a modern rule of law needs to be based in religion. We have seen how institutions were the products of contingent historical circumstances and accidents tha..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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dc3e4a3
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ltdmyr lntHry ldhy tsbb fyh lnZm lwrwby lldwl@ khll Hrbyn `lmytyn hdm fkr@ tfwq l`qlny@ lGrby@, fy Hyn 'DH~ mn lS`b ltmyyz byn lmtmdn w lhmjy -w hw tmyyz kn Gryzy ld~ lwrwbyyn fy lqrn lts` `shr
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Francis Fukuyama |
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7b1d0eb
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flshtrky@ dhn lm t`d mGry@ knmwdhj qtSdy lldwl lnmy@ 'kthr mm hy mGry@ llmjtm`t lSn`y@ lmtqdm@.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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a22191e
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dwl@ byrwqrTy@ mthql@ blqwnyn tr~ 'n twzy` lthrw@ lqwmy@ 'hm mn ntj lthrw@
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Francis Fukuyama |
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14e2dc0
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n 'wly'k ldhyn drsw tkrr qym w sqwT dwl kbyr@ m`yn@ fy lmDy, w qrnwh bqym w sqwT ldwl lkbyr@ fy ltrykh lm`Sr, lysw mkhTy'yn fy shrthm l'wjh ltshbh, Gyr 'n tkrr Zhwr 'nmT trykhy@ m`yn@ Twyl@ l'md l ytnf~ m` wjwd trykh dylktyky Gy'y. ....n ldymwqrTy@ l'thyny@ mkhtlf@ `n ldymwqrTy@ lHdyth@.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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7861d8a
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lndthr lmfjy' lldynSwrt l yz`z` mn SH@ lnZry@ lbywlwjy@ lkhS@ bltTwr
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Francis Fukuyama |
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be2c92b
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mn lkhSy'S llft@ llnZr llmwqf lthwry@ 'n l'Hdth lty tdf` lns l~ lqym b'`Zm lmkhTrt w lty tw'dy l~ nhyr lHkwmt, ndran m tkwn hy l'Hdth lkbyr@ lty ySfh lmw'rkhwn llHqwn bl'sbb lry'ysy@ llthwr@, w nm hy 'Hdth SGyr@ tbdw `rD.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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f7d5d4e
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w qd 'sfrt mHwltn lsbq@ lbn trykh `lmy `n msryn trykhyyn mtwzyyn, l'wl : tHkmh l`lwm lTby`y@ lHdyth@ w mnTq lrGb@, w lthny : yHkmh lSr` mn 'jl l`trf. w qd knt nhyt lmsryn wHd@ lHsn lHZ, 'l w hy ldbmwqrTy@ llybrly@ lr'smly@.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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e24f848
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khtm lbshr hw fy jwhrh `nd nytshh l`bd lZfr, w hw ytfq tmm m` hyjl fy qwlh n lmsyHy@ hy 'ydywlwjy l`byd, w 'n ldymwqrTy@ tmthl Swr@ mdny@ llmsyHy@. w m msw@ lns kf@ 'mm lqnwn l tHqyq llmthl lmsyHy lkhS bmsw@ kf@ lmw'mnyn fy mlkwt lsm. Gyr 'n lymn lmsyHy blmsw@ byn lbshr 'mm llh lm ykn 'kthr mn t`Sb nb` `n krhy@ lD`f ll'qwy mnhm. w qd nb`t ldyn@ lmsyHy@ `n drk 'n lD`f ymknhm ltGlb `l~ l'qwy mt~ tjm`w m` fy qTy`, w stkhdmw slHy ldhnb w lDmyr...
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Francis Fukuyama |
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f126c55
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The Westminster system understandably produces governments with more formal powers than in the United States. This greater degree of decisiveness can be seen clearly with respect to the budget process. In Britain, national budgets are not drawn up in Parliament, but in Whitehall, the seat of the bureaucracy, where professional civil servants act under instructions from the cabinet and prime minister. The budget is then presented by the chan..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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ba8748b
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He was said to have liquidated "countless" affluent households, particularly in the Yangtze delta, where he believed he faced particularly strong opposition.5 The"
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Francis Fukuyama |
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a5034ce
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Political liberty--that is, the ability of societies to rule themselves--does not depend only on the degree to which a society can mobilize opposition to centralized power and impose constitutional constraints on the state. It must also have a state that is strong enough to act when action is required.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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8bccfef
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A political system that is all checks and balances is potentially no more successful than one with no checks, because governments periodically need strong and decisive action.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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45f0444
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Some people today argue that religion is primarily a source of violence, conflict, and social discord.25 Historically, however, religion has played the opposite role: it is a source of social cohesion that permits human beings to cooperate far more widely and securely than they would if they were the simple rational and self-interested agents posited by the economists.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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3c69ddf
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in some sense, it was the tyranny of cousins that allowed Indians to resist the tyranny of tyrants.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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d73b120
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There is intense populist distrust of elite institutions and demand either to abolish them (as in the case of the Federal Reserve) or to open up their internal deliberations to television and public scrutiny. Ironically, however, Americans when polled show the highest degree of approval precisely for those institutions--the military, NASA, the CDC--that are the least subject to immediate democratic oversight. Part of the reason they are adm..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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37b9033
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The same process is unfolding in the early twenty-first century with passage of the Dodd-Frank bill regulating the financial sector: Congress delegated to the regulators the responsibility of writing many of the detailed provisions, which will inevitably be challenged in the courts. Ironically, excessive delegation and vetocracy are intertwined.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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39ce854
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Social capital is a capability that arises from the prevalence of trust in a society or in certain parts of it. It can be embodied in the smallest and most basic social group, the family, as well as the largest of all groups, the nation, and in all the other groups in between. Social capital differs from other forms of human capital insofar as it is usually created and transmitted through cultural mechanisms like religion, tradition, or his..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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ed6aa3d
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The degree to which people in developed countries take political institutions for granted was very much evident in the way that the United States planned, or failed to plan, for the aftermath of its 2003 invasion of Iraq.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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8ae5435
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ymkn lqwl fy thq@ b'n lqrn l`shryn qd Grs fyn jmy`an tshw'man trykhy `myqan
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Francis Fukuyama |
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b189587
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Hrwb nblywn ldmwy@ bstT`@ lflsf@ 'n yfsrwh fy Dw lHrk@ l`ryD@ llmdny@ `l~ 'nh fy nty'jh tkhdm ltqdm ljtm`y l'nh ts`d `l~ ntshr mfhwm lHkwm@ ljmhwry@
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Francis Fukuyama |
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5dbbaf6
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w km fy nZr@ knT l~ nz`@ lnsn lljtm` lty ttsm bTb` Gyr jtm`y fqd r'~ hyjl 'n ltqdm fy ltrykh l ynsh' l `n tqdm mTrd ll`ql, w nm `n ltf`l l'`m~ ll`wTf lty 'dt blnsn l~ lSr`t w lthwrt w lHrwb, w hw m 'Tlq `lyh wSfh lshhyr "dh l`ql" w msr ltrykh hw msr dy'b mn lSr`t, ttSdm fyh l'nZm@ lfkry@ w l'nZm@ lsysy@, w ttfkk ntyj@ ltnqDth ldkhly@, thm tHl mHlh 'nZm@ 'khr~ tHml tnqDt 'ql, ftkwn bltly 'rq~ mn sbqth. w hw m ysm~ bldylyktyk 'w ljdly@"
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Francis Fukuyama |
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2567e90
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fmn lmfrqt dhn 'n ykwn stmrr lHrwb w ltnfs l`skry byn l'mm mn l`wml lkbr~ ltwHyd l'mm, fm` 'n lHrwb tw'dy l~ ldmr, fhy tjbr ldwl `l~ qbwl lHDr@ ltknwlwjy@ lHdyth@ w lhykl ljtm`y@ lty td`mh w l`lwm ...lTby`y@ lHdyth@ tfrD nfsh `l~ lnsn , sw kn mblyan bh 'm l , w m mn khyr 'mm m`Zm l'mm Gyr qbwl l`qlny@ ltknwlwjy@ llHdth@, n hy sht lHfZ `l~ systh lqwmy@, w hw mSdq lmqwl@ knT b'n ltGyrt ltrykhy@ nm tHdth ntyj@ nz`@ lnsn lljtm` lmtsm@ bTb` Gyr ..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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050cfb3
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Putting one's parents out to pasture in a nursing home has very deep historical roots in Western Europe.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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e0c1945
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yqwl lksndr kwjyf fy tfsyrh lhyjl : "-n knt lsyd@ lkhml@ Tryqan msdwdan, fn l`bwdy@ lnshyT@ hy mSdr kl tqdm nsny w jtm`y w trykhy, w m ltrykh l trykh l`bd lnshyT"
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Francis Fukuyama |
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07ceda0
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y nhy@ ltrykh lys thm@ mnfswn 'ydywlwjywn lldymwqrTy@ llybyrly@, w qd rfD lns fy lmDy hdhh ldymwqrTy@ llybyrly@ l`tqdhm 'n lmlky@ w lrstwqrTy@ w lthywqrTy@ 'w lHkwm@ ldyny@ w lshmwly@ lshyw`y@ w sy'r l'ydywlwjyt lty tfq 'n amnw bh 'fDl mnh. 'm lan fybdw 'n thm@ tfqan `man -l fy l`lm lslmy- `l~ qbwl mz`m ldymwqrTy@ llybyrly@ b'nh 'kthr Swr lHkm `qlny@, w hy Swr@ ldwl@ lty tHqq l~ 'qS~ Hd mmkn shb` kl mn lrGb@ l`qlny@ w l`trf l`qlny. fn kn dh..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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a87f3fe
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yqwl krl mrks :"kn hyjl y`tqd 'n l`ml hw ljwhr lHqyqy llnsn" --- n 'y shkhS qD~ zmn fy lsfr 'w lqm@ khrj wTnh, l ys`h l 'n ylHZ kyf tw'thr lHDrt w lthqft lqwmy@ t'thyran Hsman fy mwqf lsh`b mn l`ml.... ---w qd 'shr twms swwyl l~ m fy lwlyt lmtHd@ mn khtlf shdyd fy ldkhl w lt`lym byn nsl lswd ldhyn hjrw Tw` mn jzr lhnd lGrby@, w nsl lswd ldhyn jy bhm mbshr@ mn fryqy k`byd... ---w lwq` 'n tfwq l'lmn l`ryq `l~ jyrnhm mn l'wrbyyn fy lHfZ `l~ lm..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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d37c576
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stwjh `mly@ l'khd bldymwqrTy@ hy 'yDan mstqbl yshwbh lGmwD, w m` kthr@ lsh`wb fy `lmn lty t`ttqd `l~ lmstw~ lnZry 'nh tryd lrkh lr'smly w ldymwqrTy@ lybyrly@ fln ykwn mn lmtH lljmy` tHqyq hdhh l'hdf. --qd yuktb lnSr fy lmstqbl lbdy'l stbddy@ jdyd@. fn tHqqt mthl hdhh lbdy'l fstkwn mn khlq mjmw`tyn mtbyntyn mn ldwl: ldwl lty fshlt l'sbb HDry@ fy tnmy@ qtSdh blrGm mn mHwlth tTbyq llybyrly@ lqtSdy@, w ldwl lty Sdft njH Gyr `dy fy ll`b@ lr'smly..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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f0cc93b
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nHn fy Hj@ l~ m`yr ylm bltrykh klh Ht~ ymknn lHkm `l~ hdyh `l~ lmjtm` ldymwqrTy, w l~ mfhwm `n "lnsn b`tbrh nsn" ysmH ln brw'y@ nqy'Sh lkmn@. w hdh hw lsbb ldhy df`n l~ 'n ndrs "lnsn l'wl" `nd hwbz w lwk w rwsw w hyjl."
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Francis Fukuyama |
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b9d256c
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n mshrw` lnsn b`d 'n Hrr nfsh mn qywd lflsft lsbq@ lty knt tw'mn bHtml wjwd Hqyq@ mTlq@ 'SbH ytmthl fy "`d@ tqyym kf@ lqym" bd blqym lmsyHy@, w qd s`~ `md l~ z`z`@ lymn blmsw@ byn lbshr, dhhb l~ 'nh mjrd t`Sb Grsth lmsyHy@ fyn, w k'n nytshh y'ml fy 'n ytkhl~ mbd' lmsw@ fy ywm m `n mknh l'khlqyt tbrr hymn@ lqwy `l~ lD`f, w nth~ btmjyd m ymkn 'n n`tbrh flsf@ lqsw@, kn ykrh lmjtm`t lty t'khdh bltnw` w ltsmH, w yfDl `lyh tlk lty t'khdh b`dm lts..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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283f7eb
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Foreigners seldom have enough local knowledge to understand how to construct durable states. When their efforts at institution building are halfhearted and underresourced, they often do more damage than good.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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7600a0e
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Douglass North, John Wallis, and Barry Weingast have an alternative label for neopatrimonialism, what they call a "limited access order," in which a coalition of rent-seeking elites use their political power to prevent free competition in both the economy and the political system.3 Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson use the term "extractive" to describe the same phenomenon.4 At one stage in human history, all governments could be described a..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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ae35a84
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The inhabitants of warm countries are, like old men, timorous ... the people in cold countries are, like young men, brave.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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e1072be
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What differed were conditions of climate and geography that, operating on the biology of otherwise indistinguishable individuals, produced systematic differences in political behavior. Slavery for him was not natural and needed to be explained in terms of the ability of certain societies to better organize themselves for war and conquest.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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ed051c3
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That an ethnically divided posttotalitarian state should not make an easy transition to liberal democracy seems obvious to many people in hindsight.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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7a68e35
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Europe's exhausted elites were ready to concede both liberal democracy and redistributive welfare states to ensure social peace.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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0e508be
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FREE CITIES AND THE BOURGEOISIE Contemporary conventional wisdom has it that democracy will not emerge without the existence of a strong middle class, that is, a group of people who own some property and are neither elites nor the rural poor. This notion finds its origins in English political development, which to a greater degree than any other European country (with the possible exception of Holland) saw the early emergence of cities and ..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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225a25e
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This highly negative narrative about interest groups stands in sharp contrast, however, to a much more positive one about the benefits of civil society, or voluntary associations, to the health of democracy. Alexis de Tocqueville in Democracy in America noted that Americans had a strong propensity for organizing private associations, which he argued were "schools for democracy" because they taught private individuals the skills of coming to..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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46e406c
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The rule of law constitutes a basic protection of individuals against tyrannical government. But in the second half of the twentieth century, law lost its focus as a constraint on government and became instead an instrument for widening the scope of government.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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8b6ac22
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Cognitive rigidities may also prevent social groups from mobilizing in their own self-interest. In the United States, many working-class voters support candidates promising to lower taxes on the wealthy, despite the fact that this hurts their own economic situations. They do so in the belief that such policies will spur economic growth that will eventually trickle down to them, or else make government deficits self-financing. The theory has..
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Francis Fukuyama |
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fc6a69a
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Forgetting, I would even say historical error, is essential to the creation of a nation, which is why the advance of historical study often poses a threat to nationality.
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Francis Fukuyama |
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b32a179
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A middle-class voter could equally well take a proffered government job, or be persuaded that his or her family's long-term interests are better served by a system that recruits the best possible people on an impersonal basis. The choice actually made often depends on how these ideas are publically articulated.
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Francis Fukuyama |