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In number 71, Hamilton presented his theory of presidents as leaders who should act for the popular good, even if the people were sometimes deluded about their interests.
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Ron Chernow |
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bf940a8
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It speaks volumes about the prevalent detestation of banks that Hamilton dwelled so long on combating myths against them. For example, he had to contest that banks would invariably engender speculative binges in securities. The growing confidence in government, he asserted, would gradually reduce speculation in its bonds. At the same time, he admitted that speculative abuses are "an occasional ill, incident to a general good," that did not ..
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Ron Chernow |
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78c7fa5
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Hamilton wanted his central bank to be profitable enough to attract private investors while serving the public interest. He knew the composition of its board would be an inflammatory issue. Directors would consist of a "small and select class of men." To prevent an abuse of trust, Hamilton suggested mandatory rotation. "The necessary secrecy" of directors' transactions will give "unlimited scope to imagination to infer that something is or ..
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Ron Chernow |
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2a46269
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Now, for reasons both symbolic and practical, the crowd pulled George III down from his pedestal, decapitating him in the process. The four thousand pounds of gilded lead was rushed off to Litchfield, Connecticut, where it was melted down to make 42,088 musket bullets. One wit predicted that the king's soldiers "will probably have melted majesty fired at them."56 The"
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Ron Chernow |
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Prejudice and private interest will be antagonists too powerful for public spirit and public good." 69" --
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Ron Chernow |
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After Seabury rebutted "A Full Vindication," Hamilton struck back with "The Farmer Refuted," an eighty-page tour de force that Rivington brought out on February 23, 1775."
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Ron Chernow |
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3920fcd
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America's character would be defined by how it treated its vanquished enemies, and
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Ron Chernow |
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2f4397e
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So long as we are a young and virtuous people, this instrument will bind us together in mutual interests, mutual welfare, and mutual happiness. But when we become old and corrupt, it will bind us no longer."8"
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Ron Chernow |
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7c80add
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Like other founding fathers, Hamilton inhabited two diametrically opposed worlds. There was the Olympian sphere of constitutional debate and dignified discourse--the way many prefer to remember these stately figures--and the gutter world of personal sniping, furtive machinations, and tabloid-style press attacks. The contentious culture of these early years was both the apex and the nadir of American political expression. Such a contradictor..
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Ron Chernow |
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b36cdbe
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As a member of the style committee, Hamilton showed that, for all his misgivings about the Constitution, he could be cooperative and play a serviceable part. The convention showed good judgment in choosing him, given his literary gifts and rapid pen. It is hard to believe that the Committee of Style and Arrangement took only four days to burnish syllables that were to be painstakingly explicated by future generations.
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Ron Chernow |
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673b305
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For the remainder of the gubernatorial campaign, Hamilton issued open letters to the electorate, and at Clinton campaign rallies his essays were hurled under the table as marks of contempt. In shaping his final appeal to voters, Hamilton said that Clinton's most effective tactic was to single out the rich for abuse, and he warned that republicans scapegoated the rich to their detriment: "There is no stronger sign of combinations unfriendly ..
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Ron Chernow |
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3cf13b3
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While other founding fathers were reared in tidy New England villages or cosseted on baronial Virginia estates, Hamilton grew up in a tropical hellhole of dissipated whites and fractious slaves, all framed by a backdrop of luxuriant natural beauty. On
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Ron Chernow |
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492defc
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factions can become "potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government."
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Ron Chernow |
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6e69851
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The funeral was a vast, elaborate affair, befitting a monarch or head of state, in marked contrast to the essential simplicity of the man honored. The grandeur emphasized the central place that Grant had occupied in the Civil War and its aftermath. "Out of all the hubbub of the war," wrote Walt Whitman, "Lincoln and Grant emerge, the towering majestic figures."146 He thought they had lived exemplary lives that vindicated the American spirit..
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Ron Chernow |
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fec1b39
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This encouraged Grant to revive a proposal he had floated a year earlier to connect American canals and rivers into a national network, lowering transport costs and stoking business. He also wanted to revive American shipbuilding, which had been badly damaged during the war, by paying "ample compensation" to American ships that carried mail domestically and abroad.43 Grant expanded this vision by again endorsing a canal to connect the Atlan..
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Ron Chernow |
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71437d1
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More than anyone else, the omnipresent Hamilton galvanized, inspired, and scandalized the newborn nation, serving as a flash point for pent-up conflicts of class, geography, race, religion, and ideology. His contemporaries often seemed defined by how they reacted to the political gauntlets that he threw down repeatedly with such defiant panache.
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Ron Chernow |
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e90dd45
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The power of the new mass media made Grant's illness a national spectacle, with his doctors offering twice-daily updates on his condition.
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Ron Chernow |
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603497e
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In urging the court to invalidate the Trespass Act, Hamilton expounded the all-important doctrine of judicial review--the notion that high courts had a right to scrutinize laws and if necessary declare them void. To appreciate the originality of this argument, we must recall that the country still lacked a federal judiciary. The state legislatures had been deemed the most perfect expression of the popular will and were supposed to possess s..
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Ron Chernow |
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51ff551
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Oh how blessed the young men are who have to struggle for a foundation and a beginning in life. I shall never cease to be grateful for the three and a half years of apprenticeship and the difficulties to be overcome, all the way along.
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Ron Chernow |
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9f7c792
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raiders, the United States wanted Great Britain to foot the bill for the entire war cost after Gettysburg, some $2 billion, the logic being that after Gettysburg, the Confederacy had abandoned offensive operations, except at sea. If the British hadn't provided naval aid, the South couldn't have prolonged the war and Great Britain was therefore liable for the extra astronomical expenses incurred.
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Ron Chernow |
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b218e10
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The campaign's most chilling feature was the huge wave of murder and arson orchestrated by the Ku Klux Klan against black and white Republicans in the South. As state conventions drafted new constitutions that endowed blacks with the franchise, the white South acted to stamp out that voting power through brute force. Nathan Bedford Forrest boasted that the Klan had recruited forty thousand men in Tennessee alone, half a million across the S..
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Ron Chernow |
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323b722
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Had Napoleon been thoroughly unselfish, Grant suggested, he would have been the greatest man in history, such was his military genius. When a young woman on board asked Grant to name the two figures he detested most in history, he shot back, "Napoleon and Robespierre."114"
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Ron Chernow |
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16f8293
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looked more like a grizzled, weather-beaten prospector than a former president. When he bet Julia that she wouldn't dare to descend into the mine, located seventeen hundred feet below, it roused her fighting spirit and she proved him wrong. Grant surfaced from the deep mine, red-faced and perspiring, and joked that it was a good place "to leave the newspapermen." "Would you not leave the politicians, too?" asked John H. Kinkead, the Nevada ..
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Ron Chernow |
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22a3861
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He generally spoke with much animation and energy, and with considerable gesture. His mind was filled with all the learning and precedence required for the occasion, enabling him to make numerous extemporaneous speeches. He seduced the listeners with hope and provoked them with fear, leading one spectator to comment that "Hamilton's harangues combine the poignancy of vinegar with the smoothness of oil."
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Ron Chernow |
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def3090
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duration" by Britain's treacherous support for the Confederacy.43 Not simply wanting compensation for destroyed American vessels, he added a still more explosive demand: that Britain pay a staggering $2 billion in indirect damages for extending the war and undermining America's merchant marine. He wanted Canada thrown in as a lagniappe and inflamed the situation further by calling for a British admission of guilt and an apology; Grant and F..
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Ron Chernow |
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although he was not formally relieved until early November. Lincoln's decision to cashier Fremont served as a cautionary tale for Grant, who noted, "The generals who insisted upon writing emancipation proclamations . . . all came to grief as surely as those who believed that the main object of the war was to protect rebel property, and keep the negroes at work on the plantations while their masters were off in the rebellion."56 With few exc..
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Ron Chernow |
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985def5
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Shiloh, but it sorely disappointed the Century editors. Written in Grant's pithy style, it was arid and compact and read like a bloodless report. Johnson hurried over to Long Branch for a pep talk with his new writer. A gifted editor, he drew Grant into personal reminiscences about Shiloh and made him see the difference between a dry recitation and one enlivened by personal impressions. This came as a revelation to Grant, who was an apt pup..
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Ron Chernow |
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e2acd63
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As in past years, the self-absorbed Jesse Root Grant and equally self-absorbed Colonel Dent continued to find each other insufferable and Grant took refuge in his old strategy of passive detachment. With Colonel Dent monopolizing the White House, Jesse stayed at an inexpensive hotel when he visited Washington. The two men took turns insulting each other, pretending the other was a doddering old fool. "You should take better care of that old..
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Ron Chernow |
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3c81dc2
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Right before his inauguration, he received a Quaker delegation and asked them to nominate Indian agents from their members. "If you can make Quakers out of the Indians, it will take the fight out of them," Grant told them. "Let us have peace."15 Aside from his respect for Quaker pacifism and integrity, Grant knew the society had coexisted peacefully with Indians in Pennsylvania. By the end of his first year in office, Grant had ferreted out..
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Ron Chernow |
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831c22b
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Grant's fortuitous move to Illinois on the eve of the election had monumental consequences, conveniently situating him in the president's home state and overtly pro-Union northern Illinois. It also placed him in the district of Congressman Elihu B. Washburne, an emphatic Lincoln supporter. Had Grant remained in Missouri, riven by internal strife, he would never have enjoyed the same chance for rapid advancement in the coming war.
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Ron Chernow |
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d381108
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A system which looks to the extinction of a race is too abhorrent for a Nation to indulge in," Grant told Congress in his first annual message in December 1869. As with all his presidential addresses, he composed it himself. "I see no remedy for this except in placing all the Indians on large reservations, as rapidly as it can be done, and giving them absolute protection there."26 This hopeful, idealistic path, paved with good intentions, h..
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Ron Chernow |
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f51d538
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On the morning of March 4, in an extraordinary sequence of events, the House approved the bill right before the noon deadline. Senators had already adjourned to the Capitol for the inauguration. They were abruptly rounded up and herded back into the Senate chamber, the hands of the clock were turned back twenty minutes, and, to tempestuous applause, they approved Grant's bill. Chester Arthur hurried to the Capitol to sign it. As his last pr..
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Ron Chernow |
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5d7578e
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When a congressional committee reported in February on the Mississippi bloodshed, it concluded that the nation had arrived at a crossroads and "must either restrain by force these violent demonstrations by the bold, fierce spirits of the whites" or tell newly enfranchised black citizens, "we have made you men and citizens . . . now work out your own salvation as others have done."70 It had become flagrantly obvious that no common ground exi..
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Ron Chernow |
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ee2358f
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The spectacle of soldiers entering a statehouse left northern opinion aghast, leading to vociferous demands for Sheridan's ouster. Major Republican newspapers in the North denounced Grant. William Cullen Bryant thought it high time for Sheridan to "tear off his epaulets and break his sword and fling the fragments into the Potomac."76 The strident headline in the New York World distilled northern hysteria: "Tyranny! A Sovereign State Murdere..
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Ron Chernow |
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d0c4a53
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Historians have been quick to pounce on the blind spots in Grant's report. Less noticed is that he almost immediately recanted what he wrote. As early as January 12, 1866, Carl Schurz informed his wife that "Grant feels very bad about his thoughtless move and has openly expressed regret for what he has done."102 When Schurz encountered Grant at a soldiers' reunion in December 1868, Grant was still more regretful, admitting that on his south..
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Ron Chernow |
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dcb74fe
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The president was running out of room to maneuver as the country backed away from further federal interference in the South. The outcry over Louisiana began to ring down the final curtain on Reconstruction. Southern whites increasingly substituted the word "Redemption"--a restoration of white rule--for the hated term "Reconstruction."
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Ron Chernow |
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47fd5e2
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Grant refused to accept that. In a newspaper interview, he placed blame for the disaster squarely on Custer's shoulders: I regard Custer's massacre as a sacrifice of troops, brought on by Custer himself, that was wholly unnecessary . . . He was not to have made the attack before effecting the junction with Terry and Gibbon. He was notified to meet them on the 26th, but instead of marching slowly, as his orders required in order to effect th..
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Ron Chernow |
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e7bec7e
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Klan violence was unquestionably the worst outbreak of domestic terrorism in American history and Grant dealt with it aggressively, using all the instruments at his disposal. To strengthen the federal arsenal, he urged Congress to widen his executive powers and insisted the new Forty-Second Congress meet on March 4, 1871, instead of waiting until that December, to do so. So strongly did Grant feel about Klan atrocities that he beseeched Hou..
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Ron Chernow |
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28fb554
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The feckless President Buchanan, who opposed secession, thought the federal government powerless to stop it, and in his last annual message blamed the "incessant and violent agitation of the slavery question throughout the North for the past quarter of a century."
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Ron Chernow |
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ea5ea18
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A southerner by choice, Akerman found it sobering to verify the depth of Klan penetration in the region, which "revealed a perversion of moral sentiment among the Southern whites which bodes ill to that part of the country for this generation."97 On a single day in November, 250 people in one South Carolina county confessed affiliation with the group. As Akerman expressed the matter with deep feeling: "I doubt whether from the beginning of ..
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Ron Chernow |
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4f1a0ad
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Not expecting to see you again before the Spring campaign opens, I wish to express, in this way, my entire satisfaction with what you have done up to this time, so far as I understand it. The particulars of your plans I neither know, or seek to know. You are vigilant and self-reliant; and, pleased with this, I wish not to obtrude any constraints or restraints upon you. While I am very anxious that any great disaster, or the capture of our m..
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Ron Chernow |
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8d2ca5c
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At the time, Charles Sumner still chaired the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and made preposterous demands upon the English. Not only did he want all of Canada but a total British withdrawal from the Western Hemisphere, including its Caribbean islands and the Falkland Islands off the Argentine coast.
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Ron Chernow |
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73326b9
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In Venice, Grant let slip a remark that would provide fodder for many satirists: he told a young woman what a fine city it would be if only the canals were drained. Henry Adams adduced this as damning evidence of Grant's philistine nature, but he may only have meant that the canals should be cleansed of sewage.
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Ron Chernow |
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d8c1c3c
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How this seemingly dull, phlegmatic man, in a stupendous act of nation building, presided over the victorious Continental Army and forged the office of the presidency is a mystery to most Americans. Something essential about Washington has been lost to posterity, making him seem a worthy but plodding man who somehow stumbled into greatness.
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Ron Chernow |