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At the end of the 1940s, when it was becoming clear to him that the effort to control nuclear weaponry would fail, Einstein was asked what the next war would look like. "I do not know how the Third World War will be fought," he answered, "but I can tell you what they will use in the Fourth--rocks."20 Russia"
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Walter Isaacson |
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Biological full sister of Jobs; they discovered their relationship in 1986 and became close. She wrote novels loosely based on her mother Joanne (Anywhere but Here), Jobs and his daughter Lisa (A Regular Guy), and her father Abdulfattah Jandali (The Lost Father). ALVY RAY SMITH. A cofounder
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Walter Isaacson |
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Chief engineer at Atari, who designed Pong and hired Jobs. GIL AMELIO. Became CEO
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Walter Isaacson |
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in 1996, bought NeXT, bringing Jobs back. BILL ATKINSON. Early Apple employee, developed graphics for the Macintosh. CHRISANN BRENNAN. Jobs's girlfriend at Homestead High, mother of his daughter Lisa. LISA BRENNAN-JOBS. Daughter of Jobs and
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Walter Isaacson |
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On the other hand, he stressed in scores of letters and statements that Americans should not let the fear of communism cause them to surrender the civil liberties and freedom of thought that they cherished. There were a lot of domestic communists in England, but the people there did not get themselves whipped into a frenzy by internal security investigations, he pointed out. Americans need not either. William
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Walter Isaacson |
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Like Spinoza, Einstein did not believe in a personal God who interacted with man. But they both believed that a divine design was reflected in the elegant laws that governed the way the universe worked. This was not merely some expression of faith. It was a principle that Einstein elevated (as he had the relativity principle) to the level of a postulate, one that guided him in his work. "When I am judging a theory," he told his friend Banes..
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Walter Isaacson |
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Thus it was that Einstein ended up deciding that quantum mechanics, though it may not be wrong, was at least incomplete. There must be a fuller explanation of how the universe operates, one that would incorporate both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. In doing so, it would not leave things to chance.
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Walter Isaacson |
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Brief is this existence, as a fleeting visit in a strange house," he said. "The path to be pursued is poorly lit by a flickering consciousness."2 He"
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Walter Isaacson |
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Of course, it would have been even more exciting if Einstein had trusted his original equations and simply announced that his general theory of relativity predicted that the universe is expanding. If he had done that, then Hubble's confirmation of the expansion more than a decade later would have had as great an impact as when Eddington confirmed his prediction of how the sun's gravity would bend rays of light. The Big Bang might have been ..
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Walter Isaacson |
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The genius of Albert Einstein, who added a 'cosmological constant' to his equation for the expansion of the universe but then retracted it, may be vindicated by new research."58"
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Walter Isaacson |
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On his journey home from delivering his acceptance speech in Sweden the following summer, Einstein stopped in Copenhagen to see Bohr, who met him at the train station to take him home by streetcar. On the ride, they got into a debate. "We took the streetcar and talked so animatedly that we went much too far," Bohr recalled. "We got off and traveled back, but again rode too far." Neither seemed to mind, for the conversation was so engrossing..
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Walter Isaacson |
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Einstein never asked Freud to meet or treat his son, nor did he seem impressed by the idea of psychoanalysis. "It may not always be helpful to delve into the subconscious," he once said. "Our legs are controlled by a hundred different muscles. Do you think it would help us to walk if we analyzed our legs and knew the exact purpose of each muscle and the order in which they work?" He certainly never expressed any interest in undergoing thera..
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Walter Isaacson |
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Even a genius like Schopenhauer was crushed by unemployment," he wrote. "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving."30 Eduard"
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Walter Isaacson |
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Einstein had a similar conversation with his friend in Prague, Philipp Frank. "A new fashion has arisen in physics," Einstein complained, which declares that certain things cannot be observed and therefore should not be ascribed reality. "But the fashion you speak of," Frank protested, "was invented by you in 1905!" Replied Einstein: "A good joke should not be repeated too often."61 The"
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Walter Isaacson |
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In other words, there is no single underlying reality that is independent of our observations. "It is wrong to think that the task of physics is to find out how nature is," Bohr declared. "Physics concerns what we can say about nature."62 This"
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Walter Isaacson |
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This wariness of authority reflected the most fundamental of all of Einstein's moral principles: Freedom and individualism are necessary for creativity and imagination to flourish. He had demonstrated this as an impertinent young thinker, and he proclaimed the principle clearly in 1931. "I believe that the most important mission of the state is to protect the individual and to make it possible for him to develop into a creative personality,..
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Walter Isaacson |
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After three weeks of lectures and receptions in New York, Einstein paid a visit to Washington. For reasons fathomable only by those who live in that capital, the Senate decided to debate the theory of relativity. Among the leaders asserting that it was incomprehensible were Pennsylvania Republican Boies Penrose, famous for once uttering that "public office is the last refuge of a scoundrel," and Mississippi Democrat John Sharp Williams, who..
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Walter Isaacson |
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And so he calmly responded, "Subtle is the Lord, but malicious he is not."* The"
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Walter Isaacson |
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Nature hides her secret because of her essential loftiness, but not by means of ruse."49"
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Walter Isaacson |
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The value of a college education is not the learning of many facts but the training of the mind to think," he said.55 One"
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Walter Isaacson |
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We must remember that this is a very small star," he responded, "and probably some of the larger and more important stars may be very virtuous and happy."73"
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Walter Isaacson |
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The most important human endeavor is the striving for morality in our actions," he wrote a Brooklyn minister. "Our inner balance and even our existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions can give beauty and dignity to life."25 The foundation of that morality, he believed, was rising above the "merely personal" to live in a way that benefited humanity."
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Walter Isaacson |
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As the Nazis continued to lose national elections but increase their share of the vote, the octogenarian president, Paul von Hindenburg, selected as chancellor the bumbling Franz von Papen, who tried to rule through martial authority. When Philipp Frank came to visit him in Caputh that summer, Einstein lamented, "I am convinced that a military regime will not prevent the imminent National Socialist [Nazi] revolution."13 As"
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Walter Isaacson |
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And yet when the cup of power neared his lips, he became strangely hesitant, reluctant, perhaps coy.
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Walter Isaacson |
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Jobs's overwrought reaction was understandable. Sculley had once been a father figure to him. So had Mike Markkula. So had Arthur Rock. That week all three had abandoned him.
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Walter Isaacson |
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I cried in my office as he was showing me the idea, and I still cry when I think about it.
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Walter Isaacson |
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Why in the world would you involve Steve in a decision like this?" Amelio replied, getting angry. "Steve is not even a member of the board of directors, so what the hell is he doing in any of this conversation?" But Woolard didn't back down, and Amelio hung up to carry on with the family picnic before telling his wife."
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Walter Isaacson |
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If he was displeased, he might scream and get hopping mad and use expletives, but he wouldn't do it in a way that would totally destroy the person he was talking to. It was just his way to get the person to do a better job.
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Walter Isaacson |
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treat you like a criminal," he said, showing a slide of an inmate in striped prison garb. Then a slide of Bob Dylan came on the screen. "People want to own the music they love."
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Walter Isaacson |
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Vegetarianism and Zen Buddhism, meditation and spirituality, acid and rock--Jobs rolled together, in an amped-up way, the multiple impulses that were hallmarks of the enlightenment-seeking campus subculture of the era.
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Walter Isaacson |
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Hume saw clearly that certain concepts, for example that of causality, cannot be deduced from our perceptions of experience by logical methods," Einstein noted. A version of this philosophy, sometimes called positivism, denied the validity of any concepts that went beyond descriptions of phenomena that we directly experience."
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Walter Isaacson |
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Hume applied his skeptical rigor to the concept of time. It made no sense, he said, to speak of time as having an absolute existence that was independent of observable objects whose movements permitted us to define time. "From the succession of ideas and impressions we form the idea of time," Hume wrote. "It is not possible for time alone ever to make its appearance." This idea that there is no such thing as absolute time would later echo i..
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Walter Isaacson |
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AL ALCORN. Chief engineer at Atari, who designed Pong and hired Jobs. GIL AMELIO. Became CEO of Apple in 1996, bought NeXT, bringing Jobs back. BILL ATKINSON. Early Apple employee, developed graphics for the Mac intosh. CHRISANN BRENNAN. Jobs's girlfriend at Homestead High, mother of his daughter Lisa. LISA BRENNAN-JOBS. Daughter of Jobs and Chrisann Brennan, born in 1978; became a writer in New York City. NOLAN BUSHNELL. Founder of Atari a..
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Walter Isaacson |
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Kant distinguished between two types of truths: (1) analytic propositions, which derive from logic and "reason itself" rather than from observing the world; for example, all bachelors are unmarried, two plus two equals four, and the angles of a triangle always add up to 180 degrees; and (2) synthetic propositions, which are based on experience and observations; for example, Munich is bigger than Bern, all swans are white. Synthetic proposit..
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Walter Isaacson |
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According to a tale recorded by James McHenry of Maryland, he made his point in a pithier way to an anxious lady named Mrs. Powel, who accosted him outside the hall. What type of government, she asked, have you delegates given us? To which he replied, "A republic, madam, if you can keep it."33 The"
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Walter Isaacson |
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Concepts have meaning only if we can point to objects to which they refer and to the rules by which they are assigned to these objects."85 In other words, for a concept to make sense you need an operational definition of it, one that describes how you would observe the concept in operation."
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Walter Isaacson |
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Silicon Valley The childhood that Paul and Clara Jobs created for their new son was, in many ways, a stereotype of the late 1950s.
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Walter Isaacson |
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Close to forty thousand Germans gathered in front of Berlin's opera house on May 10, 1933, as a parade of swastika-wearing students and beer-hall thugs carrying torches tossed books into a huge bonfire. Ordinary citizens poured forth carrying volumes looted from libraries and private homes. "Jewish intellectualism is dead," propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, his face fiery, yelled from the podium. "The German soul can again express itself..
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Walter Isaacson |
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When the fermentation is over and the troubling parts subsided, the wine will be fine and good, and cheer the hearts of those that drink it."41 Franklin was wrong, sadly wrong, about the French Revolution, though he would not live long enough to learn it. Le Veillard would soon lose his life to the guillotine. So would Lavoisier the chemist, who had worked with him on the Mesmer investigation. Condorcet, the economist who had accompanied"
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Walter Isaacson |
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Your thoughts construct patterns like scaffolding in your mind. You are really etching chemical patterns. In most cases, people get stuck in those patterns, just like grooves in a record, and they never get out of them. If you want to live your life in a creative way, as an artist, you have to not look back too much. You have to be willing to take whatever you've done and whoever you were and throw them away.The more the outside world tries..
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Walter Isaacson |
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Jobs would complain about the new generation of kids, who seemed to him more materialistic and careerist than his own. "When I went to school,it was right after the sixties and before this general wave of practical purposefulness had set in,"he said. "Now students aren't even thinking in idealistic terms, or at least nowhere near as much."
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Walter Isaacson |
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But I don't have any skeletons in my closet that can't be allowed out.
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Walter Isaacson |
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He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean.
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Walter Isaacson |
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This is also, I hope, a book about innovation. At a time when the United States is seeking ways to sustain its innovative edge, and when societies around the world are trying to build creative digital-age economies, Jobs stands as the ultimate icon of inventiveness, imagination, and sustained innovation.
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Walter Isaacson |